Abstract Cultivation of species of the genus Eucalyptus is important for the Brazilian economy, with 6.97 million hectares planted. Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), detected in Brazil in 2003, has dispersed and now damages Eucalyptus crops in all regions of this country. The location and identification of entomopathogenic fungi isolates may increase the options for integrated pest management. The objective of this research was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Cordyceps cateniannulata and Cordyceps javanica isolates to G. brimblecombei. Ten nymphs of G. brimblecombei, with or without lerps, were placed per Eucalyptus leaf cut with one of its edges on hydroretentive gel inside Petri dishes. The fungi isolates were suspended in a solution of Tween 80 (0.1%) at the concentration of 1.0 x 108 conidia mL-1 and sprayed on the G. brimblecombei nymphs. The mortality of this insect was evaluated daily for seven days, and the dead individuals were transferred to humid chambers. The conidia viability of the isolates was greater than 93%. The mortality of G. brimblecombei nymphs, seven days after the application of the fungi, was 100%. This is the first report of the pathogenicity of C. cateniannulata and C. javanica isolates, occurring naturally in the field, to G. brimblecombei.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar as mudanças na governança corporativa associadas a ao ciclo de vida das empresas, orientado pelo problema de pesquisa de compreender quais efeitos a maturidade do negócio produz na sua estrutura de propriedade, relações societárias e outras configurações de governança. Como procedimento metodológico foi realizada análise longitudinal das mudanças ocorridas na Transportadora Brasileira Gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil SA (TBG), empresa de capital fechado controlada pela Petrobras Logística de Gás, com a participação de vários parceiros estatais e privados. As informações foram coletadas a partir de análise documental e entrevistas com executivos que participaram de sua administração. Como resultado, foi possível identificar a relação dos estágios do negócio às características dos investidores, variando desde um momento inicial construído em torno de empresas de energia especialistas no negócio, à fase de maturidade, quando o investimento se tornou interessante a sócios capitalistas, mais interessados nos resultados financeiros. Além disso, o planejamento antes da consolidação de capital, a existência de uma estrutura de financiamento, de critérios claros para selecionar os parceiros e a presença de um segundo acionista relevante, mitigando eventuais problemas de abuso de poder ou não observância a regras estabelecidas, contribuíram para preservar a relação entre os sócios ao longo do tempo e a sustentabilidade dos acordos societários. Com a abordagem longitudinal utilizada, o estudo visa contribuir para uma nova perspectiva de análise das práticas de governança corporativa, considerando suas mudanças e adaptações necessárias ao longo do tempo, e reflexos sobre as estruturas societárias e prioridades dos atores da governança.

Abstract This article aims to identify the changes in corporate governance associated with the life cycle of companies. It is guided by the research problem of understanding what effects the maturity of the business has on its ownership structure, corporate relations, and other governance configurations. The study used longitudinal analysis of the changes that occurred in Transportadora Brasileira Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil SA (TBG), a privately held company controlled by Petrobras Logística de Gás, with the participation of several state and private partners. The data were collected through document analysis and interviews with executives. The results identified the relationship between the stages of the business and the characteristics of the investors, ranging from an initial moment built around energy companies specialized in the business to the maturity phase when the investment became interesting to capitalist partners interested in financial results. In addition, planning before capital consolidation, the existence of a financing structure, clear criteria for selecting partners, and the presence of a second relevant shareholder, mitigates any problems of abuse of power or non-compliance with established rules, contributing to preserving the relationship between shareholders over time and the sustainability of corporate agreements. The study contributes to a new perspective on the analysis of corporate governance, considering necessary changes and adaptations over time and reflections on the corporate structures and priorities of the governance actors.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los cambios en el gobierno corporativo asociados con el ciclo de vida de las empresas, guiado por el problema de investigación de comprender qué efectos tiene la madurez del negocio en su estructura de propiedad, relaciones societarias y otras configuraciones de gobierno. El estudio utilizó, como procedimiento metodológico, un análisis longitudinal de los cambios ocurridos en Transportadora Brasileira Gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil SA (TBG), empresa privada controlada por Petrobras Logística de Gás, con la participación de varios socios estatales y privados. La información fue recolectada a través del análisis de documentos y entrevistas con ejecutivos que participaron en su gestión. Como resultado, fue posible identificar la relación entre las etapas del negocio y las características de los inversionistas. Los análisis permitieron relacionar las etapas del negocio con las características de los inversores, que van desde un momento inicial, construido alrededor de empresas energéticas especializadas en el negocio, hasta la fase de madurez, cuando la inversión se vuelve interesante para los socios capitalistas, más interesados en los resultados financieros. Además, la planificación previa a la consolidación de capital, la existencia de una estructura de financiación, de criterios claros de selección de socios y la presencia de un segundo accionista relevante, para mitigar eventuales problemas de abuso de poder o incumplimiento de las reglas establecidas, contribuyeron a preservar la relación entre socios a lo largo del tiempo y la sostenibilidad de los acuerdos societarios. Con el enfoque longitudinal utilizado, el estudio se propone contribuir a una nueva perspectiva de análisis de las prácticas de gobierno corporativo, considerando sus cambios y adaptaciones necesarias con el tiempo, y reflexiones sobre las estructuras corporativas y prioridades de los actores del gobierno corporativo.

RESUMO Introdução: Os problemas na situação de alimentação e deglutição podem ocorrer com a progressão da variante comportamental da demência frontotemporal (DFT-vc) e alterar as fases antecipatória e preparatória oral da deglutição. Objetivo: Caracterizar os problemas de deglutição e a situação de alimentação de pacientes com DFT-vc e correlacionar os problemas de deglutição com a funcionalidade, funções executivas, aspectos cognitivos e comportamentais. Métodos: Foram recrutados pacientes ambulatoriais com DFT-vc nas fases leve, moderada e grave da demência, e seus respectivos cuidadores. Os pacientes e cuidadores foram avaliados com as escalas: “Mini-Exame do Estado Mental”, “Mini-Exame do Estado Mental Grave”, “Escala de Avaliação Clínica da Demência Modificada - DFT”, “Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico”, “Bateria de Avaliação Frontal”, “Índice de Independência nas Atividades da Vida Diária”, “Escala Funcional de Avaliação da Deglutição” e “Avaliação das Dificuldades de Alimentação e Deglutição na Demência”. Resultados: Foram incluídos 30 pacientes com DFT-vc, e seus cuidadores. Pacientes com DFT-vc apresentaram dificuldades de alimentação e deglutição como: confusão na alimentação, passividade, tosse e asfixia, dificuldades com algumas consistências alimentares e alimentos específicos. Problemas de deglutição na DFT-vc correlacionaram-se com funcionalidade prejudicada (p<0,05) e cognição (p<0,05), disfunção executiva (p<0,01) e características comportamentais (p<0,01). Os cuidadores tiveram grande dificuldade em gerenciar a situação de alimentação diante de diferentes problemas em cada fase da demência. Conclusão: Pacientes com DFT-vc apresentaram velocidade de alimentação inapropriada, passividade, tosse e engasgos já na fase leve da doença, com piora na fase grave. As correlações indicaram que as alterações de deglutição tendem a seguir o declínio cognitivo e comportamental na DFT-vc.

ABSTRACT Background: Swallowing and feeding problems may occur with the progression of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and can impair the anticipatory and oral preparatory phases of swallowing. Objective: To characterize swallowing problems and the feeding situation of patients with bvFTD and to correlate the swallowing problems with functionality, executive functions, cognitive and behavioral features. Methods: Consecutive outpatients with bvFTD in mild, moderate and severe dementia stages were recruited along with their caregivers. Patients and caregivers were screened with the following scales: “Mini-Mental State Examination”, “Severe Mini-Mental State Examination”, “FTLD-modified Clinical Dementia Rating”, “Neuropsychiatric Inventory”, “Frontal Assessment Battery”, “Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living”, “Swallowing Rating Scale” and “Assessment of Feeding and Swallowing Difficulties in Dementia”. Results: Overall, thirty patients with bvFTD were included along with their caregivers. Patients with bvFTD showed feeding and swallowing difficulties such as: messy to eat, passivity, coughing and choking, difficulty with some food consistencies and with specific food. Swallowing problems in bvFTD correlated with impaired functionality (p<0.05) and cognition (p<0.05), executive dysfunction (p<0.01) and behavioral features (p<0.01). Caregivers had great difficulty in managing the feeding situation during mealtime, with different characteristics in each dementia stage. Conclusion: Patients with bvFTD had inappropriate speed eating, passivity, coughing and choking starting in the mild dementia stage, and these problems worsen in the severe stage. Such difficulties affected caregiver performance during mealtime. The correlations indicated that swallowing difficulties tend to follow cognitive and behavioral decline in patients with bvFTD.

Abstract Background Lewy body dementia (LBD) impairs performance in daily activities and affects motor, language and visuospatial tasks. Objective We aimed to correlate neuropsychiatric and motor assessments with language and visual organization tests in LBD. Methods Twenty-two patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and ten patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia participated on a cross-sectional study that assessed cognition, functionality, caregiver burden, verbal fluency, the primer-level dictation section of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (PLD-BDAE), the Hooper Visual Organization Test, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. Results Language and visuospatial test results followed motor impairment and general cognitive performance. Whereas visual organization did not predict performance in the PLD-BDAE, visuospatial abilities and verbal fluency were concurrently associated, suggesting that linguistic impairment in LBD may be attributed to neuropsychological components of cognition and language. Only visual organization was associated with behaviour, suggesting that neuropsychiatric symptoms associate with differential impairment of visual organization in comparison with language in LBD. Schooling did not affect visual organization or language test performance, while the length of dementia was negatively associated with visual organization and verbal fluency. Discussion Though visual organization tests follow behaviour and motor performance in LBD, there is differential impairment regarding language skills.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using ethanol (AE) and an aqueous sodium chloride solution 30% (ASCS) in various time periods for the preparation of carcasses of cats for the teaching of surgical techniques. The corpses of 60 cats were used. The specimens were fixed in AE, according to group, for 30 days (G1), 30 and 60 days (G2) and 30, 60 and 90 days (G3), and ASCS was applied to all of them at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of conservation and the result was measured by means of the biomechanical study in the tissues to determine the best moment to interrupt the fixation in AE using as control the greatest similarity in tissue resistance found in fresh cadavers. The use of the anatomicaltechniqueusingAE andASCSwas efficientthroughout theexperiment.There was no significant difference between the mean value of the maximum breaking force (N) or between the storage groups in the ASCS and the control group in any of the groups for the skin samples. Neither was there a significant difference in maximum force between fixation and preservation groups, compared to the control group in the groups for jejunum samples. However, G2 presented less variation in the breaking force (-0.21 mm), being, therefore, the group most similar to fresh animals. The anatomical technique used was found to be efficient for both fixation and preservation of cat carcasses for up to seven months.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la factibilidad de utilizar alcohol etílico (AE) y una solución acuosa de cloruro de sodio al 30% (SACS) en varios periodos de tiempo para la preparación de cadáveres de gatos para la enseñanza de técnicas quirúrgicas. Se utilizaron los cadáveres de 60 gatos. Los especímenes fueron fijados en AE, según grupo, por 30 días (G1), 30 y 60 días (G2) y 30, 60 y 90 días (G3), y a todos se les aplicó SACS a los 30, 60, 90 y120 días de conservación y el resultado fue medido mediante el estudio biomecánico en los tejidos para determinar el mejor momento para interrumpir la fijación en AE, utilizando como control la mayor similitud en la resistencia tisular encontrada en cadáveres frescos. El uso de la técnica anatómica utilizando AE y SACS fue eficiente durante todo el experimento. No hubo diferencia significativa entre las medias de la fuerza máxima de ruptura (N) ni entre los grupos de almacenamiento en el SACS y el tiempo de control en ninguno de los grupos para las muestras de piel. Tampoco se observó diferencia significativa en la fuerza máxima entre los grupos de fijación y preservación, comparado al grupo control en los grupos para las muestras de yeyuno. No obstante, G2 presentó menor variación en la fuerza de ruptura (-0.21 mm), siendo, por lo tanto, el grupo más parecido a los animales frescos. Se encontró que la técnica anatómica utilizada es eficiente tanto para la fijación y para la conservación de cadáveres de gatos por hasta siete meses.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as produtividades de soja, milho e os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico fertilizado com água residuária de suinocultura (ARS). Para isso, foi realizado um experimento a campo utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos de adubação na safra 2014/2015 (soja no verão e milho segunda safra). Os tratamentos foram: T1 - Controle (fertilizado exclusivamente com adubação química); T2 - Fertilizado com 1270 m3 ha-1 de ARS; T3 - fertilizado com 170 m3 ha-1 de ARS; T4 - Fertilizado com 50 m3 ha-1 de ARS; e, T5 - Fertilizado com 50 m3 ha-1 de ARS mais adubação química. Amostragens e análises físicas de solo foram realizadas antes do cultivo da soja e após a colheita do milho. Em relação aos atributos físicos do solo, não houve alterações significativas durante o período avaliado. A aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura na fertilização dos cultivos de soja e milho, cultivadas num solo Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico com alto teor de argila, influenciaram positivamente esses cultivos, uma vez que proporcionou boas produtividades para soja (com média de 2990,85 kg ha-1) e incremento de produtividade para o milho (com máxima de 7126,5 kg ha-1). Além disso, os atributos físicos do solo não foram alterados.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate soybean and corn yields and soil physical attributes of a Dystrophic Red Latosol fertilized with swine wastewater (SW). Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in randomized blocks to evaluate five treatments of fertilization in the 2014/2015 season (soybean in the summer and corn in the second season). The treatments were: T1 - control (fertilized exclusively with chemical fertilizers); T2 - fertilized with 1270 m3 ha-1 of SW; T3 - fertilized with 170 m3 ha-1 of SW; T4 - fertilized with 50 m3 ha-1 of SW; and T5 - fertilized with 50 m3 ha-1 of SW + chemical fertilization. Soil samplings and soil physical analyses were performed before soybean cultivation and after corn harvest. No significant alteration was observed in soil physical attributes during the evaluation period. The application of swine wastewater in the fertilization of soybean and corn, cultivated in Dystrophic Red Latosol with high clay contents, positively affected these crops, since it led to good yields in soybean (with an average of 2990.85 kg ha-1) and increased corn yields (with a maximum of 7126.5 kg ha-1). In addition, soil physical properties were not altered.

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do substrato sobre a produtividade da alface cultivada em sistema aquapônico e hidropônico. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, localizada em Dourados, MS. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 16 repetições. Os sistemas de cultivo foram analisados de forma independente. Os substratos analisados foram: fibra de casca de coco, espuma fenólica e vermiculita expandida. As plantas foram cultivas em dois sistemas (aquapônico e hidropônico), sendo utilizado o sistema do tipo NFT (Nutrient Film Technique). A cultura utilizada foi a alface cv. Alcione. Os parâmetros analisados foram: produtividade da cultura e porcentagem de raiz por planta. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de macronutrientes presentes nas folhas das plantas. O substrato constituído de fibra de casca de coco foi mais adequado para o cultivo de alface, uma vez que proporcionou maiores produtividades, tanto para o sistema aquapônico (2,88 kg m-2), quanto para o sistema hidropônico (2,58 kg m-2). A utilização de espuma fenólica, como substrato de cultivo, proporcionou menor média para produtividade da cultura, em ambos os sistemas de produção analisados, com valores para o cultivo aquapônico e hidropônico de 1,94 e 2,15 kg m-2, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT This study had as objective to evaluate the effect of the substrate on the yield of lettuce grown in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, located in Dourados, MS. A randomized complete block design was used, with three treatments and 16 replicates. The cultivation systems were analyzed independently. The substrates analyzed were: coconut shell fiber, phenolic foam and expanded vermiculite. The plants were grown in two systems (aquaponic and hydroponic), using the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system. The crop used was lettuce cv. ‘Alcione’. The parameters analyzed were: crop yield and percentage of roots per plant. In addition, macronutrient contents were analyzed in the leaves. The substrate composed of coconut shell fiber was more suitable for lettuce production, since it led to higher yields for both aquaponic (2.88 kg m-2) and hydroponic (2.58 kg m-2) systems. The use of phenolic foam as growing substrate led to lower mean crop yields in both production systems analyzed, 1.94 and 2.15 kg m-2 for aquaponic and hydroponic systems, respectively.

RESUMO No sistema de aquaponia as características dos materiais utilizados como substrato afetam diretamente no desenvolvimento das plantas, pois além de atuarem como base de sustentação, devem apresentar uma superfície para fixação de microrganismos, responsáveis pela conversão de nutrientes para formas mais facilmente disponíveis para plantas. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de quatro substratos de cultivo sobre a produtividade da alface cultivada em sistema de aquaponia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos que corresponderam aos substratos e seis repetições. O cultivo das plantas foi realizado utilizando o sistema do tipo NFT (Nutrient Film Technique). Os substratos utilizados no experimento foram: fibra de casca de coco com brita número 3, vermiculita expandida, zeólita e espuma fenólica. O tratamento em que se utilizou espuma fenólica foi considerado o menos adequado para o cultivo da alface em sistema aquapônico, pois apresentou menor produtividade (20,8 t ha-1). O tratamento em que se utilizou fibra de casca de coco com brita número 3 foi considerado o mais adequado, uma vez que proporcionou maior produtividade (39,9 t ha-1) em relação aos demais substratos analisados.

ABSTRACT In the aquaponic system, the characteristics of the materials used as substrate directly affect plant development, because besides acting as a support base, they must present a surface to fix microorganisms, responsible for the conversion of nutrients into forms more easily available to plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four growing substrates on the yield of lettuce grown in aquaponic system. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments, which corresponded to the substrates, and six replicates. Plants were grown using the nutrient film technique (NFT) system. The substrates used in the experiment were: coconut shell fiber with crushed stone #3, expanded vermiculite, zeolite and phenolic foam. The treatment with phenolic foam was considered as the least suitable for lettuce cultivation in aquaponic system, because it caused lower yield (20.8 t ha-1). The treatment using coconut shell fiber with crushed stone #3 was considered as the most adequate, since it led to higher yield (39.9 t ha-1) compared with the other substrates analyzed.

RESUMO: A paca (Cuniculus paca), um dos maiores roedores da fauna brasileira, possui características inerentes à sua espécie que podem contribuir como uma nova opção de animal experimental; assim, considerando-se que há crescente busca por modelos experimentais apropriados para ortopedia e pesquisas cirúrgicas, foram analisados e descritos em detalhes a anatomia microscópica e ultraestrutural do joelho desse roedor. Os ligamentos colaterais são constituídos por feixes de fibras colágenas arranjadas paralelamente e com trajeto ondulado. Os fibroblastos formavam fileiras paralelas às fibras colágenas; quanto aos ligamentos colaterais, estes apresentaram citoplasma imperceptível à avaliação por microscopia de luz, entretanto, em análise ultraestrutural verificou-se vários prolongamentos citoplasmáticos. Microscopicamente, as estruturas presentes no joelho da paca assemelham-se às dos animais domésticos, roedores e lagomorfos.

ABSTRACT: Paca (Cuniculus paca), one of the largest rodent of the Brazilian fauna, has characteristics inherent to the species that can contribute as a new experimental animal; so, considering that there is a growing search for experimental models suitable for orthopedic and surgical research, it was analyzed and described in detail the microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the stifle in this rodent. The collateral ligaments are composed of bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel and in wavy path. Fibroblasts formed parallel rows to the collagen fibers; concerning the collateral ligaments, they presented imperceptible cytoplasm at light microscopy, but at ultrastructure analysis they presented several cytoplasmic processes. At the microscopic level, the stifle of paca resembles the domestic animals, rodents and lagomorphs.

Objective: To study associations of cerebrovascular metabolism genotypes and haplotypes with age at Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD) onset and with neuropsychiatric symptoms according to each dementia stage. Methods: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were assessed for age at dementia onset and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores according to Clinical Dementia Rating scores, apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) haplotypes, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) variants rs1800764 and rs4291, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor gene (LDLR) variants rs11669576 and rs5930, cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene (CETP) variants I422V and TaqIB, and liver X receptor beta gene (NR1H2) polymorphism rs2695121. Results: Considering 201 patients, only APOE-ɛ4 carriers had earlier dementia onset in multiple correlations, as well as less apathy, more delusions, and more aberrant motor behavior. Both ACE polymorphisms were associated with less intense frontally mediated behaviors. Regarding LDLR variants, carriers of the A allele of rs11669576 had less anxiety and more aberrant motor behavior, whereas carriers of the A allele of rs5930 had less delusions, less anxiety, more apathy, and more irritability. CETP variants that included G alleles of I422V and TaqIB were mostly associated with less intense frontally mediated behaviors, while severely impaired carriers of the T allele of rs2695121 had more anxiety and more aberrant motor behavior. Conclusion: Though only APOE haplotypes affected AD onset, cerebrovascular metabolism genotypes were associated with differences in several neuropsychiatric manifestations of AD.

Abstract The academic literature presents a research-practice gap on the application of decision support tools to address tactical planning problems in real-world organisations. This paper addresses this gap and extends a previous action research relative to an optimisation model applied for tactical capacity planning in an engineer-to-order industrial setting. The issues discussed herein raise new insights to better understand the practical results that can be achieved through the proposed model. The topics presented include the modelling of objectives, the representation of the production process and the costing approach, as well as findings regarding managerial decisions and the scope of action considered. These insights may inspire ideas to academics and practitioners when developing tools for capacity planning problems in similar contexts.

ABSTRACT One of the most important activities in the oil and gas industry is the intervention in wellsfor maintenance services, which is necessary to ensure the constant production of oil. These interventions are carried out by workover rigs. Thus, the Workover Rig Scheduling Problem (WRSP) consists of finding the best schedule to service the wells while considering the limited number of rigs with the objective of minimizing the total production loss. In this study, a 0-1 integer linear programming model capable of efficiently solving the WRSP with a homogeneous fleet of rigs is proposed. Computational experiments were carried out using instances based on real cases in Brazil to compare the results obtained by the proposed model with the results reported by other methods. The proposed model was capable of solving all instances considered in a reduced computational time, including the large instances for which only approximatesolutions were presently known.

Antecedentes: El deterioro de la función renal depende de la edad y los factores vasculares. La literatura sobre los efectos de fármacos antihipertensivos mediada genéticamente en la función renal es pobre. Objetivo: Estimar las variaciones de urea y creatinina a través del análisis farmacogenético de los efectos antihipertensivos de los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (iECA) en pacientes con demencia debido a la enfermedad de Alzhaimer. Métodos: Fueron reclutados pacientes consecutivos mayores de 60 años de edad con enfermedad de Alzheimer y sin antecedentes de trasplante renal o diálisis. Se determinaron correlaciones prospectivas durante un año entre los cambios en los niveles sanguíneos de urea y creatinina, considerando genotipos y haplotipos de ACE (rs1800764 y rs4291) y el tratamiento con iECA a y las variaciones en la presión arterial. Resultados: De 190 pacientes, 152 presenaron hipertensión, 122 usaron iECA. Las frecuencias de alelos polimórficos fueron de 0.492 para rs1800764-C y 0.337 para rs4291-T, los dos alelos en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. No se determinaron fluctuaciones anuales significativas en los niveles de urea o creatinina, pero sus variaciones concomitantes se asociaron fuertemente (ρ= <0.0001). Cada alelo A de rs4291 condujo a aumentos anuales de 3.074 mg/dL en urea y 0.044 mg/dL en creatinina, mientras que el uso de iECA fue protector para las variaciones en la creatinina. El uso de iECA también fue protector para las personas con rs1800764-CT/rs4291-AA, mientras que los portadores de rs1800764-CT/rs4291-AT tuvieron reducciones de creatinina más altas, particularmente cuando se usó iECA. Conclusión: Los efectos de iECA en la variación de la creatinina son genéticamente mediadas e independiente de las variaciones en la presión arterial en pacientes de edad avanzada con la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Background: Renal function declines according to age and vascular risk factors, whereas few data are available regarding geneticallymediated effects of anti-hypertensives over renal function. Objective: To estimate urea and creatinine variations in dementia due to Alzheimer disease (AD) by way of a pharmacogenetic analysis of the anti-hypertensive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis). Methods: Consecutive outpatients older than 60 years-old with AD and no history of kidney transplant or dialytic therapy were recruited for prospective correlations regarding variations in fasting blood levels of urea and creatinine in one year, considering ACE genotypes of rs1800764 and rs4291 and their respective haplotypes, and treatment with ACEis along with blood pressure variations. Results: For 190 patients, 152 had arterial hypertension, and 122 used ACEis. Minor allele frequencies were 0.492 for rs1800764-C and 0.337 for rs4291-T, both in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no overall significant yearly variations in levels of urea and creatinine, but their concurrent variations were positively correlated (ρ <0.0001). Each A allele of rs4291 led to an yearly urea increase of 3.074 mg/ dL, and an yearly creatinine increase of 0.044 mg/dL, while the use of ACEis was protective regarding creatinine variations. The use of ACEis was also protective for carriers of rs1800764-CT/rs4291-AA, while carriers of rs1800764-CT/rs4291-AT had steeper reductions in creatinine levels, particularly when they were treated with ACEis. Conclusions: Effects of ACEis over creatinine variations are genetically mediated and independent of blood pressure variations in older people with AD.

RESUMO Apraxia da marcha e desequilíbrio são condições subinvestigadas na doença de Alzheimer (DA) leve e moderada. Objetivo Verificar a correlação da apraxia da marcha com desequilíbrio e cognição em 30 idosos com DA leve (DA1) e 30 idosos com DA moderada (DA2). Método Foram feitas as seguintes avaliações: apraxia da marcha (Assessment Walking Skills); equilíbrio (Berg Balance Scale); Clinical Dementia Rating e Mini-exame do estado mental – MEEM. Resultados Desconsiderando-se os grupos, Berg Balance Scale e MEEM correlacionaram-se significativamente com a Assessment Walking Skills, enquanto 23% dos participantes pontuaram abaixo da note de corte da mesma. Considerando-se os grupos, Berg Balance Scale correlacionou-se significativamente com a Assessment Walking Skills em ambos os grupos, embora o MEEM o tenha feito apenas em DA1. Conclusões Desequilíbrio e apraxia da marcha não necessariamente coexistem com apraxia da marcha. Prevalência de apraxia da marcha foi maior na DA moderada do que na DA leve.

ABSTRACT Currently, there are no studies reporting how much balance impairment coexists with gait apraxia in mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objectives To assess correlations among gait apraxia, balance impairment and cognitive performance in mild (AD1, n = 30) and moderate (AD2, n = 30) AD. Method The following evaluations were undertaken: gait apraxia (Assessment Walking Skills); balance performance (Berg Balance Scale); Clinical Dementia Rating and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). Results While disregarding AD subgroups, Berg Balance Scale and the MMSE correlated significantly with Assessment Walking Skills and 23% of all subjects scored below its cut-off. After stratification, Berg Balance Scale correlated significantly with Assessment Walking Skills in both AD subgroups, and with the MMSE only in AD1. Conclusions Balance impairment does not necessarily coexist with gait apraxia. Gait apraxia is more prevalent in moderate AD when compared with mild AD.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica de sistemas de irrigação no cultivo de brócolis de cabeça, para a região de Dourados-MS. Inicialmente, foi realizado o cultivo de brócolis de cabeça irrigado por diferentes sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento superficial, gotejamento subsuperficial, microaspersão, Santeno® e aspersão convencional). No período experimental, determinaram-se a produtividade comercial de inflorescência (PCI) e a lâmina de água aplicada (LAA). Para a análise da viabilidade econômica foram calculados o custo de aquisição (CA), o custo total anual (CTA), a receita bruta (RB), a receita liquida (RL), a relação benefício custo (B/C), a taxa de retorno (TAR) e o tempo de retorno (TER). O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial apresentou maior viabilidade econômica, além de utilizar a segunda menor LAA (170,3 mm) em relação aos demais sistemas avaliados. Os valores de PCI, CA, RL, B/C e TAR obtidos por esse sistema foram de 25,3 t ha-1, R$ 8.884,8 ha-1, R$ 65.446,9 ha-1 ano-1, 7,3 e 6,32 %, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of different irrigation systems in broccoli cropping, in Dourados - MS, Brazil. Initially, irrigation was performed using different systems (surface drip, subsurface drip, micro sprinkler, Santeno® and conventional sprinkler). Both yield of commercial inflorescence (CIY) and applied water depth (AWD) were determined during trial. Economic feasibility was analyzed through estimates of acquisition cost (AC), total annual cost (TAC), gross revenue (GR), net revenue (NR), benefit-cost rate (BCR), return rate (RR) and return time (RT). Subsurface drip irrigation was the most feasible in addition to using the second lowest AWD (170.3 mm) compared to the other systems. The values of CIY, AC, RR, BCR and TAC obtained by this system were 25.3 t ha-1, R $ 8,884.8 ha-1, R $ 65,446.9 ha-1 yr-1, 7.3 and 6.32%, respectively.